L293D Motor DriverL293D is a 16 pin motor driver IC consist of quadruple half H drivers. It can simultaneously control the direction and speed of two DC motors. L293d is a suitable device to use for stepper motors, gear motors etc.The IC has an operating voltage range from 4.5 V to 36 V. The L293 and L293D models can drive current up to 1A and 600mA respectively. L293d pin diagramL293D pinout 16 Pin PDIP PackageIC L293D pin functionsPin 1: Enable 1,2 – This is an active high input.

1. L293d Motor Driver Module

When the pin is high it enables the driver channels 1 and 2.Input High state – Enabled.Input Low state – Disabled.Pin 2: Input 1 – Digital input to control the output 1. The state of all outputs OUT1, OUT2, OUT3, OUT4 will be same as the input state applied at the corresponding inputs.Output = Input. High input – High output.Low input – Low output.Pin 3: Output 1 – Connected to one of the terminals of the motor 1; motor 1 – connected across the output 1 and 2.Pin 4: GND – Heatsink and Ground Connection. The GND connection itself used as the heat sink to disperse the heat.Pin 5: GND – Heatsink and Ground Connection.Pin 6: Output 2 – Connected to the remaining terminal of the motor 1.

Motor terminals should be connected with respect to the inputs assigned.Pin 7: Input 2 – Digital input to control the output 2.Pin 8: Vcc2 – Supply to the motors, 4.5V to 36V. The supply must be connected to a source capable enough to drive the current requirement of the load.Pin 9: Enable3,4 – It is also an active high input. It is to enable and disable the driver channels 3 and 4.Pin 10: Input 3 – Digital input to control the output 3.Pin 11: Output 3 – Connected to one of the terminals of the motor 2; motor 2 – connected across the output 3 and 4.Pin 12: GND – Heatsink and Ground Connection. Pin 13: GND – Heatsink and Ground Connection. The Ground terminals should be soldered to a metallic area in the PCB which is enough to transfer the heat generated.Pin 14: Output 4 – Connected to the remaining terminal of the motor 1.Pin 15: Input 4 – Input to control the output 4. All the inputs are permitted only up to a maximum of 7V.Pin 16: Vcc1 – 5V supply for the functioning of the IC. L293D workingThe IC L293D works with an H bridge arrangement, which can alternate the polarity across a load or change the direction of the current.Refer:H bridge Truth table S1S2S3S4Motor Direction0000Freerunning1001Clockwise0110Anticlockwise1100Brake0011BrakeThe s1 and s3, s2 and s4 are not permitted to close at a time as it will short circuit the supply.Simply, what a motor driver does is it act as a current amplifier which gives high current outputs to drive the motor from a low current control signal. Driver IC or a driver circuit is a similar H bridge arrangement instead of switches replaced with transistors, MOSFETs, etc.

Hence low current input signals can switch these devices and operate in the same way as an H bridge circuit works.L293D Function Table.

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L293d Motor Driver Module

A motor driver is an integrated circuit chip which is usually used to control motors in autonomous robots. Motor driver act as an interface between Arduino and the motors. The most commonly used motor driver IC’s are from the L293 series such as L293D, L293NE, etc. These ICs are designed to control 2 DC motors simultaneously.

L293D consist of two H-bridge. H-bridge is the simplest circuit for controlling a low current rated motor.

We will be referring the motor driver IC as L293D only. L293D has 16 pins. The L293D is a 16 pin IC, with eight pins, on each side, dedicated to the controlling of a motor. There are 2 INPUT pins, 2 OUTPUT pins and 1 ENABLE pin for each motor. L293D consist of two H-bridge. H-bridge is the simplest circuit for controlling a low current rated motor.Pin No. Pin Characteristics.

1 - Enable 1-2, when this is HIGH the left part of the IC will work and when it is low the left part won’t work. 2 - INPUT 1, when this pin is HIGH the current will flow though output 1. 3 - OUTPUT 1, this pin should be connected to one of the terminal of motor. 4,5 - GND, ground pins. 6 - OUTPUT 2, this pin should be connected to one of the terminal of motor. 7 - INPUT 2, when this pin is HIGH the current will flow though output 2.

8 - VCC2, this is the voltage which will be supplied to the motor. 16 - VCC1, this is the power source to the IC. So, this pin should be supplied with 5 V. 15 - INPUT 4, when this pin is HIGH the current will flow though output 4. 14 - OUTPUT 4, this pin should be connected to one of the terminal of motor. 13,12 - GND, ground pins. 11 - OUTPUT 3, this pin should be connected to one of the terminal of motor.

10 - INPUT 3, when this pin is HIGH the current will flow though output 3. 9 - Enable 3-4, when this is HIGH the right part of the IC will work and when it is low the right part won’t work.Why 4 grounds in the IC?The motor driver IC deals with heavy currents. Due to so much current flow the IC gets heated. So, we need a heat sink to reduce the heating. Therefore, there are 4 ground pins. When we solder the pins on PCB, we get a huge metalllic area between the grounds where the heat can be released.Why Capacitors?The DC motor is an inductive load. So, it develops a back EMF when supplied by a voltage.

There can be fluctuations of voltage while using the motor say when suddenly we take a reverse while the motor was moving in some direction. At this point the fluctuation in voltage is quite high and this can damage the IC. Thus, we use four capacitors that help to dampen the extreme variation in current.