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In engineering design activities, maintenance or troubleshooting, it is essential for an engineer or technician, whether it's personnel in the field of electricity or in other fields (electronics and telecommunications) in order to understand or control of the circuit diagram. Circuit diagram is a picture or instructions on what components are in an electrical circuit, functions and relationships between series, so expect when an engineer or technician to understand about tesebut the circuit diagram, they would be more appropriate in designing or analyzing a series of disturbances to a circuit. In general, the circuit diagram divided into four types, namely:Schematic diagram. BATTERY CHARGER SCHEMATICHigh Efficiency Battery Charger using Power components. Battery Charger. The complete schematic for a 12 V/15 V battery.

High-efficiency battery charger schematic. Efficiency Estimation.DOWNLOADHigh Efficiency Battery Charger using Power componentS. Battery Charger. The complete schematic for a 12V/15V battery.

High-efficiency battery charger schematic. Efficiency Estimation.DOWNLOADSmart Battery Charger Evaluation Kit User's Manual The Smart Battery Charger Evaluation Board schematic diagram and other related drawings are. When a battery is connected to the charger and the Z8 enables.DOWNLOADBattery Charging (PDF) 3A Battery Charger with Logic-level Controls. Figure 7 shows the schematic of a battery charger that was designed to recharge the Li.DOWNLOADBattery charger using the ST6-REALIZER inflection points can be implemented with this battery charger ST6 board. HARDWARE SCHEMATICS. Figure 1: Simple Battery Charger Circuit Schematic.DOWNLOAD. How to Use a FM Transmitter to Listen to Internet RadioGone are the good old days of Internet radio when you had to stay chained to your desktop PC to enjoy the music.

The FM transmitter takes any audio coming from a computer and transmits it to a FM radio, allowing you to use your FM radios as speakers.Now you can wander through the house listening to your favorite songs.Decide which type of FM radio transmitter is best for you. There are several types on the market that differ in size, transmission distance, power supply method, number of FM transmitter frequencies, portability and price.Purchase a FM transmitter.

You can buy them online or at a local electronics retailer.Such as the FM transmitter to its power source and then to your PC. Read the manufacturer's instructions for your model.

Depending on the type of FM transmitter you buy, it may be powered by batteries, computer USB port or AC power. Most models come with the necessary connection cables. A FM transmitter USB simply plugs into a USB port of any computeran available FM frequency on the dial of your FM radio. The manufacturer's instructions will list the frequencies that are available with the FM transmitter.

It is not uncommon that you will probably need to try more than one of the listed frequencies before you find one that works.Listen and enjoy your favorite Internet radio music or program with the freedom to move around. Broadband Colpitts VCO for TV TunerThe high performance of modern set-top DBS TV tuners require broadband voltage control oscillator (VCO) designs at a competitive cost. To realize these goals, design engineers are challenged to create high performance, low-cost VCOs.The traditional design of Colpitts oscillator is used for many VCO applications.

Designing a broadband Colpitts oscillator with coverage from 1–2 GHz requires the selection and interaction of an appropriate varactor diode for its resonator. This design describes a broadband Colpitts VCO that incorporates the SMV1265-011 varactor diode. For combining separate horizonal and vertical sync signal from VGA card to one composite sync signal needs a sync signal conversion which is feed to TV video in pin in SCART connector. The tv converter circuit has also sends correct level signal to the TV RGB input enabling control pin in the SCART connector (pin 16).The circuit is simply based on one TTL chip with four XOR ports, two resistors and two capacitors. TTL chip was logical choise because VGA sync signals are TTL level signals.The sync signal combiner has a system to adjust to different sync polarities so that it always makes correct composite sync signals. VGA card uses different sync signal polarities to tell the monitor which resolution is used.

This circuit adjusts to sync signal polarity changes in less than 200 milliseconds, which is faster than setting time of a normal VGA monitor in the display mode change. Simple High efficiency Inverter CircuitsDescription1.

Field of the InventionThis invention relates generally to the field of electrical energy conversion systems and more particularly to push-pull inverter circuits utilizing a solid state active element oscillator of the multivibrator type to convert an input DC voltageto a high frequency AC output voltage.2. Description of the Prior ArtPush-pull inverter circuits are generally recognized as the most efficient type for converting DC voltage into an AC output voltage. Such circuits typically include a source of DC potential, an output transformer, and a pair of switchingtransistors connected to control the flow of current through the output transformer for thereby producing an AC voltage output across the transformer. Efficient conversion of the DC voltage into the AC output voltage requires that the conduction of theswitching transistors be precisely controlled.

Such precise control can serve to minimize undesirable energy losses within the circuit itself. Some of the causes of such energy losses have been recognized and are generally regarded as inherent in suchcircuits, or in the components making up such circuits. Some of these losses are:1. Common-mode conduction which occurs when both of the switching transistors conduct simultaneously. This loss is usually related to the inherent and generally unavoidable delay associated with the turn-off action of the conducting transistor,coupled with the fact that there generally is no corresponding delay associated with the turning on of the other transistor.2.

Turn-off transition loss which is due to the power dissipation that occurs within each transistor during its turn-off transition. To minimize this loss, it is necessary to operate each transistor near its maximum switching speed capability. This in turn requires that the charge carriers stored at the transistor base-emitter junction be evacuated as rapidly as possible.It is also more important to prevent the collector voltage from rising significantly be. Best shows on netflix rotten tomatoes. The use only one, but it gives you 10 to 15 dB amplification, enough for many situation.

The most important part is that the transistor circuitry should be shielded from the input circuitry, as shown in the by the dashed line. This ircuit is powered via the signal cable, since the antenna booster must be wired as close as possible to the antenna. This is very important since the amplifier should amplify the signal acquired by the antenna, not the noise picked by the cable from the antenna to the circuit.

The antenna and the booster circuit can be installed above your house’s roof. Long 75 ohm coaxial cable can be drawn from the this booster circuit output to the unit close to TV set.

Kuat Arus Listrik Yang Melewati Hambatan R2 Adalah Brainly

10 Wattis chip in 10 Watt class. All you need is just adding few passive components and your will be ready. You can even amplify ultrasonic range if you wish to abuse its usage, just to convince you that this chip is more than enough to handle any range of signal. Although many manufacturer produce this chip, in general, this various chip from various manufacturer normally comply with these following features: Short protection between all pins, High current output ( up to 3 A), Built-in Over temperature protection, and Low harmonic and crossover distortion. Is produced by SGS Ates and is a complete. AB class of the final amplifier cand deliver up to 14W on 4 ohm at a +-14V.Connecting two thru cheap we can create a amplifier wich can deliver a higher power.

With the components value from the the total amplifier gain is 32 dB. The speaker can be 2 ohm instead of 4 ohm if we use the TIP transistors. With a proper designed this can output 200W.Active components:IC1, Ic2T1, T3 = BD 250, TIP 36T2,T4 = BD 249, TIP 35D1 D4 = 1N4001source:http://mycaramplifiers.com/200-watts-amplifier-tda2030-8.html. LM 741.-NationalSemiconductorLM741/LM741A/LM741C/LM741E Operational AmpiifierGeneral DescriptionThe LM741 series are general purpose operational amplifi-ers which feature improved performance over industry stan-dards like the LM709. They are direct, plug-in replacementsfor the 709C, LM201, MC1439 and 748 in most applications.The amplifiers offer many features which make their appli-cation nearly foolproof: overload protection on the input andoutput, no latch-up when the common mode range is ex-ceeded, as well as freedom from oscillations.The LM741C/LM741E are identical to the LM741/LM741Aexcept that the LM741C/LM741E have their performanceguaranteed over a 0°C to f 70°C temperature range, in-stead of - 55°C to! 125°Cdatasheet LM 741.- Amplificador Operacional National Semiconductor. The first transistor (Q1) is the pre-amplifier for the microphone, and you can ommit this circuit if you don’t want to transmit the sound picked up by the mic, for example you can can connect your mp3 player directly to C1.

The core of this FM transmitter circuit is Q2, a modified Collpits oscillator that the frequency is determined by L1, C4, C6, and the transistor’s internal base-emitter capacitance. The antenna use 1/16 wave length to compromize between the efficiency and the size. If you want the microphone to be less sensitive, you can replace the R1 by a higher resistor, try 10k or 22k, and this might overcome the feedback problem if you use this wireless microphone FM transmitter for a public address system. Metal Detector using Beat Frequency Oscillator (BFO)The simplest method of detecting metal is by beat frequency oscillator.

The circuit basically consists of two balanced oscillator. One acts as the detector element, the other provides the reference signal. This oscillator frequency reference is set to fix value, whilst the detector oscillator varies depending on the metal presence. The reference oscillator can be constructed using various circuit topology: inductor-capacitor (LC), resistor-capacitor (RC), or even a crystal (quartz) oscillator. While the reference oscillator can be implemented using various circuit topology, the detector oscillator always use inductor-capacitor topology, because the mechanism will be using the magnetic induction property of the detected object, and the inductor component of the detector oscillator will be the detecting probe.

With the absence of a metal near the detector probe (the inductor component of the detector oscillator), the detector oscillator is tuned to have same frequency as the reference oscillator. The output of the detector oscillator and the reference oscillator output is mixed using hetero-dyne mixer circuit, producing a beat frequency output of zero Hz, or a very low frequency if both oscillator is slightly unbalanced. In the presence of a metal near the detector probe, the detector oscillator will shift it’s frequency, and the mixer output will produce a tone with frequency equal to the difference of the reference and the detector frequency.The figure below shows one of the simple metal.You can see the reference circuit is a simple RC circuit, and its frequency is determined by R1-P2-C1. The detector oscillator is an LC oscillator with the frequency is determined by the L1-C2-C3 values.The NAND gates use CMOS 4011 chip, a low power component that is suitable for this battery-operated circuit. You can see that this chip is supplied by a 5V voltage coming from an LM7805L regulator. You might wonder what the purpose of this regulation is, since the power supply come from a 9V battery and the CMOS gates can handle the of 3-15 Volt. In this exciting project, not only will you have a very unique one transistor FM recevier, but also be in-store for making home-made air-core coils and a home-made fixed capacitor.

And even more than that, when you finish ‘your’ project, your journey has just started. With your now-working FM receiver, you can start experimenting with other wonderful things.There are 12 component count on this project. One transistor FM receiverat http://www.somerset.net/arm/reprints/radioshackspecial/rss.html. One Transistor FM Radio with improved audio gain.Some wiring notes:Unless you have experience with super-regenerative radios, I highly recommend using the FAR Circuits printed circuit board.Connect the two sections of the variable capacitor (C3) in series to linearize the tuning somewhat. That is, use the connections on either end of C3 and don't use the middle lead.L2, the RF choke should not be near a ground.

The same is true for L1. Capacitance to ground will disturb the feedback.The gain is just enough to drive an earphone. If you live too far away from radio stations, you might have trouble hearing one. There is no option here for an external antenna (that would require and extra transistor).You can drive a speaker if you add an external audio amplifier.If you want a little more audio gain, or you cannot locate a TL431CLP chip, you can use some other audio amplifier in the circuit where pins 1 and 2 of D1 normally connect. You can use an LM386 or a TDA7052 audio amplifier. Quasar DIY project kit #3027 is a complete TDA7052 audio amplifier kit and it works fine in this application.source: http://www.somerset.net/arm/fmonlyonetransistorradio.html. Description.The schematic of an automatic cooler fan for audio amplifiers is given here.

The circuit automatically switch ON the cooler fan whenever the temperature of the heat sink exceeds a preset level. This circuit will save a lot of energy because the cooler fan will be OFF when the amplifier is running on low volume. At low volume less heat will be dissipated and it will not trigger the cooler fan ON.The temperature is sensed using an NTC (negative temperature coefficient) thermistor R2. Junction of thermistor r2 and resistor R1 is connected to the inverting input (pin3) of IC1 which is wired as a comparator. The non-inverting input (pin2) is given with a reference voltage using the preset R3.

As temperature increases the resistance of NTC thermistor will drop and so do the voltage across it. When the voltage at the inverting input becomes less than that of the reference voltage (set for a particular threshold temperature) the output of the comparator goes high and switches the transistor Q1 ON. This will activate the relay and the cooler fan will be switched ON. When the temperature decreases the reverse happens. LED D2 will glow when the fan is ON.

Kuat Arus Listrik Yang Melewati Hambatan R2 Adalah E

Diode D1 is a freewheeling diode.Notes.The circuit can be assembled on a Vero board.Use 12V DC for powering the circuit.The circuit can be calibrated by adjusting the preset R3.K1 can be a 12V, 200 ohm, SPST relay.LM311 must be mounted on a holder. Cell inspired electronicsA single cell in the human body is approximately 10 000 times more energy-efficient than any nanoscale digital transistor, the fundamental building block of electronic chips. In one second, a cell performs about 10 million energy-consuming chemical reactions, which altogether require about one picowatt (one millionth millionth of a watt) of power.Rahul Sarpeshkar of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is now applying architectural principles from these ultra-energy-efficient cells to the design of low-power, highly parallel, hybrid analogue-digital electronic circuits. Such circuits could one day be used to create ultra-fast supercomputers that predict complex cell responses to drugs. They may also help researchers to design synthetic genetic circuits in cells.In his new book, Ultra Low Power Bioelectronics (Cambridge University Press, 2010), Sarpeshkar outlines the deep underlying similarities between chemical reactions that occur in a cell and the flow of current through an analogue electronic circuit. He discusses how biological cells perform reliable computation with unreliable components and noise (which refers to random variations in signals — whether electronic or genetic).

Circuits built with similar design principles in the future can be made robust to electronic noise and unreliable electronic components while remaining highly energy efficient. Promising applications include image processors in cellphones or brain implants for the blind.' Circuits are a language for representing and trying to understand almost anything, whether it be networks in biology or cars,' says Sarpeshkar, an associate professor of electrical engineering and computer science. 'There's a unified way of looking at the biological world through circuits that is very powerful.' Circuit designers already know hundreds of strategies to run analogue circuits at low power, amplify signals, and reduce noise, which have helped them design low-power electronics such as mobile phones, MP3 players and laptop computers.' Here's a field that has devoted 50 years to studying the design of complex systems,' says Sarpeshkar, referring to electrical engineering. 'We can now start to think of biology in the same way.'

He hopes that physicists, engineers, biologists and biological engineers will work together to pioneer this new field, which he has dubbed 'cytomorphic' (cell-inspired or cell-transforming) electronics.To read more, go tohttp://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2010/cytomorphic-0225.html. Description.Here is the circuit diagram of a low voltage /low power DC motor speed controller based on the IC TDA 7274 from ST Microelectronics. The IC TDA 7274 is a monolithic integrated DC motor speed controller intended for low voltage/ low power applications. Built in internal voltage reference voltage, wide input voltage range (1.8 t0 6V), high linearity, 700mA output current, excellent temperature stability etc make this IC well suitable for almost all low power DC motor speed control applications.The motor to be controlled is connected between pin3 (Vs) and pin4 (output) of the IC. Resistor network comprising of R1, R2, and R3 is the section that deals with the speed control. Control pin (pin8) of the IC is connected to the junction of R2 and R3 and the speed of the motor varies linearly according to the position of POT R3.

Capacitor C1 rectifies the fluctuations in motor speed and capacitor C2 cancels the motor spikes. Description.This is the circuit diagram of a two channel audio line driver using the high performance dual opamp IC TSH22 from ST Microelectronics.

Kuat Arus Listrik Yang Melewati Hambatan R2 Adalah 2

The 25 MHz bandwidth, low distortion and high output current of the IC makes it possible to drive medium impedance loads at a high level of modulation.Here both of the opamps inside the IC are wired as non inverting amplifiers with 3X gain, one for each channel. Input line 1 is connected to the non inverting input of IC1a and input line 2 is connected to the non inverting input of IC1b. The non inverting inputs of the opamps IC1a and IC1b are pulled to a slight positive voltage using the R1 and R9 respectively. The resistance R4 and R2 are used to make a phantom ground at half the supply voltage.Notes.Assemble the circuit on a good quality PCB.The circuit can be powered from 12V DC.At 12V supply, a 600 ohm impedance line can be driven at +10dBm with a distortion less than 0.05% at 1kHz.Gain of line 1 can be set using the equation, Gain1 = (R5+R6)/R6.Gain of line 2 can be set using the equation, Gain2 = (R7+R8)/R8.The load at the output must be at least 100 ohms in order to avoid stability issues.